Estenosis de estómago postraumática

La estenosis de estómago postraumática es una entidad rara, principalmente en pediatría. Presentamos un caso donde se desarrolla estenosis de estómago secundaria a trauma abdominal cerrado por atropello. En estudios radiológicos se evidencia estómago con aspecto tubular, aperistáltico; comprobado por vía endoscópica. La dilatación gástrica con balón neumático se elige como opción terapéutica. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Post-traumatic stomach stenosis is a rare entity, mainly in pediatrics. We present a case in which a stomach stenosis develops secondary to blunt abdominal trauma by hit-and-run. Radiological studies showed a stomach with a tubular, aperistaltic appearance, verified endoscopically. Gastric dilatation with pneumatic balloon is chosen as a therapeutic option. (provided by Infomedic International)

Coexistencia de trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales en lactantes y preescolares latinoamericanos / Coexistence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Latin American infants and preschoolers

Resumen Introducción: se ha descrito la coexistencia de trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (c-TGF) en lactantes y preescolares (LactPre); sin embargo, hay poca literatura sobre los principales c-TGF y sus características. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia y posibles asociaciones de c-TGF en un mismo LactPre latinoamericano. Metodología: estudio de prevalencia en LactPre de Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Panamá de consulta externa y urgencias, a quienes, según los criterios de Roma III en español, se identificaron regurgitación, síndrome de rumiación, síndrome del vómito cíclico, cólico, diarrea funcional, estreñimiento funcional y disquecia. Se tuvieron en cuenta la edad, el sexo y el origen. La estadística incluyó t de Student, chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher, análisis uni y multivariados y el cálculo de los OR e IC 95%, siendo una p <0,05 significativa. Resultados: se analizaron 2417 niños (2,4±19,8 meses de edad, 51,3% masculinos, con diagnóstico de por lo menos algún TGF del 35,7%). Se presentó c-TGF en el 3,6%, siendo el principal el síndrome de rumiación del lactante (SRL) más estreñimiento funcional (EF). Hubo predomino del género masculino en los lactantes y ser colombiano. Conclusión: la principal c-TGF en este grupo de LactPre de Latinoamérica es el SRL más EF, presentándose principalmente en el sexo masculino y en lactantes menores de 24 meses.

Abstract Introduction: Coexistence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) in infants and preschool children has been described, but there is little literature on the main types of FGID coexistence or their characteristics. Objective: This study describes the prevalence and possible associations of FGID coexistence among Latin American infants and preschool children. Methodology: This is a prevalence study of infants and preschool children conducted in Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and Panama. Children included were outpatients and emergency patients who were identified according to the Rome III Criteria in Spanish as suffering from regurgitation, rumination syndrome, cyclic vomiting syndrome, colic, functional diarrhea, functional constipation and/or dyspepsia. Age, sex and origin of patients were registered. Statistical analyses included Student's T test, chi squared test, Fisher's exact test, univariate analysis, multivariate analysis and calculation of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with p <0.05 set as significant. Results: Two thousand four hundred and seventeen children were included. Their age range was 2.4 months to 19.8 months of age, and 51.3% were male. The proportion of patients with a diagnosis of at least one FGID was 35.7%. FGID coexistence was found in 3.6% of the patients. The most frequent combination was rumination syndrome plus functional constipation. There were predominances of males, infants and Colombian children in the total sample. Conclusion: The most commonly coexisting FGIDs in this group of Latin America infants and preschool children were infant rumination syndrome and functional constipation which were found together most frequently among boys who were under 24 months old.

Superposición de desórdenes gastrointestinales funcionales en escolares y adolescentes latinoamericanos / Overlapping of functional gastrointestinal disorders in latinamerican schoolchildren and adolescents

Resumen: Introducción: Hay pocos estudios sobre Desórdenes Gastrointestinales Funcionales superpuestos (DGFs-s). Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y posibles factores de riesgo en niños Latinoamericanos (Latam) para presentar DGFs-s. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de prevalencia en niños escolares La tam entre 8-18 años. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas; se utilizaron los Criterios de Roma III en español, y se consideró DGFs-s cuando se presentaron 2, 3 o 4 y más DGFs en un mismo niño. El análisis estadístico incluyó t de student, chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher, análisis uni y multivariados y cálculo de los ORs e IC95%, siendo considerada una p < 0,05 significativa. Resul tados: Fueron analizados 6193 niños Latam (11,8 ± 2,2 años; 62,2% entre 8-12 años; 50,4% niñas; 68,0% colegio público), con diagnóstico de algún DGFs del 23,4%. Hubo superposición de DGFs en un mismo niño, en 8,4% (5,5% con 2 DGFs; 2,1% con 3 DGFs y 0,9% con 4 o más DGFs), siendo las principales superposiciones el Síndrome de intestino irritable (SII) + Dolor abdominal funcio nal (DAF) (2,6%) y el SII + DAF + Estreñimiento funcional (1,1%). Hubo predomino del género femenino. Conclusión: Hay una baja prevalencia de DGFs-s en escolares y adolescentes Latam, con predominio en el sexo femenino y de presentación muy variable.

Abstract: Introduction: There are few studies on overlapping Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs). Objective: To describe the prevalence and possible risk factors in Latin American children (Latam) to present overlapping FGIDs. Patients and Method: Prevalence study in Latam schoolchildren bet ween 8-18 years of age. Sociodemographic variables were included; the Rome III Criteria in Spanish were used, and overlapping FGIDs were considered when two, three or four and more FGIDs were presented in the same child. The statistical analysis included Student's T-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, univariate and multivariate analysis, and calculation of ORs and 95% CI, being considered a significant p < 0.05. Results: 6,193 Latam children were analyzed (11.8 ± 2.2 years, 62.2% between 8-12 years of age, 50.4% girls, 68.0% public school), and 23.4% with a diagnosis of some kind of FGIDs. There was overlap of FGIDs in the same child, in 8.4% (5.5% with 2 FGIDs, 2.1% with 3 FGIDs and 0.9% with 4 or more FGIDs), the main overlaps were irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) + functional abdominal pain (FAP) (2.6%), and IBS + FAP + functional constipation (1.1%). There was predominance of the female gender. Conclusion: There is a low prevalence of overlapping FGIDs in Latam schoolchildren and adolescents, with a predominance in females and of very variable pre sentation.

Síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers como causa de invaginación intestinal en niño / Peutz-Jeghers syndrome as a cause of intestinal intussusception in children

La invaginación intestinal se presenta con mayor frecuencia en el lactante menor de 2 años, con un pico entre los 5 y 9 meses de edad. En la gran mayoría de los casos es idiopática o de causa desconocida, probablemente secundaria a una infección viral que provoca un crecimiento del tejido linfático intestinal. Sólo en un 2-8% de los pacientes se demuestra una alteración anatómica como causa de la intususcepción (divertículo de Meckel, pólipo). Es la llamada invaginación intestinal secundaria, que suele presentarse en los menores de 3 meses o mayores de 3 años. El síndrome de Peutz-Jeguers (SPJ) es una condición rara y su frecuencia es probablemente inferior a 1/50,000. Se caracteriza por la presencia de pólipos hamartomatosos potencialmente malignos en el tracto digestivo asociada a pigmentaciones mucocutáneas características. Los datos actuales sugieren la existencia de al menos 2 genes implicados: STK11 (19p13.3), identi cado recientemente, es el responsable de la enfermedad en el 70% de las familias. Se describe el caso de dos adolescentes con cuadro de Intususcepción intestinal con diagnóstico de poliposis familiar de Peutz-Jeghers, requiriendo ambas procedimiento quirúrgico

Intestinal intussusception occurs more frequently in the infant younger than 2 years, with a peak between 5 and 9 months of age. In the vast majority of cases it is idiopathic or of unknown cause, probably secondary to a viral infection that causes a growth of the intestinal lymphatic tissue. Only in 2-8% of the patients an anatomical alteration as cause of the intussusception is demonstrated (Meckel's diverticulum, polyp). It is called secondary intestinal invagination, which usually occurs in children under 3 months or older than 3 years. Peutz-Jeguers syndrome (SPJ) is a rare condition and its frequency is probably less than 1 / 50,000. It is characterized by the presence of potentially malignant hamartomatous polyps throughout the digestive tract associated with characteristic mucocutaneous pigmentations. Current data suggest the existence of at least 2 genes involved: STK11 (19p13.3), recently identi ed, is responsible for the disease in 70% of families. We describe the case of two adolescents with intestinal intussusception with a diagnosis of familial polyposis of Peutz Jeghers, requiring both surgical procedures

[Irritable bowel syndrome subtypes and characteristics in children from Panama, Ecuador,El Salvador, Nicaragua and Mexico]. / Caracterización y subtipos del síndrome de intestino irritable en niños de Panamá, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua y México.

INTRODUCTION: Few pediatric studies classify the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subtypes. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and subtypes of IBS in children from Panama, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prevalence study performed in children between 8 and 18 years of age with a diagnosis of IBS. The children answered the Questionnaire for Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms Roma III for Schoolchildren and Adolescents (QPGS-III) to identify functional gastrointestinal disorders. Variables such as age and sex were taken into account. The subtypes of IBS were classified in IBS with constipation (IBS-c), with diarrhea (IBS-d), mixed (IBS-m) and without subtype (IBS-ss). Statistical analysis included measures of central tendency, two-tailed student t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test, with a significant p<0.05. RESULTS: We included 79 children (54.4% female, 12.1±2.1 years) presenting IBS-ss in 55.7%, IBS-c in 15.2%, IBS-m in 15.2% and SII-d in 13.9%. Severe pain predominated most of the day and with mucous stools; possible associations for IBS-d school and sex. CONCLUSION: After IBS-ss, the IBS-e, IBS-d and IBS-m are similar, being the possible risk factors for IBS-d, the public school and the female gender.

Relación de anemia y talla baja con el diagnóstico de infección por Helicobacter pylori en niños de 6 a 14 años, de enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2016 en el Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel / Relationship of anemia and short stature with the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children from 6 to 14 years old, from January 2014 to December 2016 at the Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel

Introducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori es la enfermedad bacteriana crónica más extendida del mundo y afecta a más de la mitad de la población mundial, con una distribución vinculada con el grado de desarrollo económico de cada país. En la edad pediátrica no existe un cuadro clínico específico de esta infección, puede tener resultados clínicos diversos que incluye no sólo síntomas digestivos sino manifestaciones extradigestivas como anemia por deficiencia de hierro y retraso del crecimiento. La relación entre la infección por Helicobacter pylori, la anemia por déficit de hierro y talla baja ha sido confirmada en múltiples estudios, pero el tema sigue siendo controvertido. Debido a la escasez de estudios sobre esta asociación, particularmente en niños panameños, y el impacto de sus complicaciones a corto y largo plazo en una población tan vulnerable, es de extraordinaria importancia llevar a cabo estudios para mejorar nuestra comprensión de este tema. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles no pareados, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 158 pacientes (79 casos y 79 controles) del Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel de Panamá, entre enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2016. Se hizo revisión de los expedientes clínicos con autorización del Comité de Bioética del hospital. Los datos demográficos generales y las variables de estudio seleccionadas se obtuvieron de los pacientes sometidos a endoscopia digestiva alta con biopsia gástrica que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La existencia de una asociación estadística se evaluó con la prueba exacta de Fisher y el odds ratio.Resultados: La edad promedio de ambos grupos fue de 9.75 + 2.75 sin diferencia estadística entre las edades en los grupos. La infección fue más frecuente en el sexo femenino (63%). El dolor abdominal fue la principal indicación para realizar endoscopia. La frecuencia de anemia en los pacientes infectados fue de 31%, mayor a la reportada en países latinoamericanos, pero no se encontró asociación entre anemia e infección por Helicobacter pylori (p= 0.36) al igual que no se encontró asociación con talla baja (p= 0.74). El nivel socioeconómico fue más bajo en los pacientes enfermos (p= 0.01). El test de ureasa presentó especificidad de 100% en nuestro estudio. Conclusiones: No encontramos asociación entre anemia y talla baja con la infección por Helicobacter pylori, pero la frecuencia de anemia es elevada respecto a otros países de Latinoamérica; y el nivel socioeconómico es un factor influyente en el desarrollo de esta infección. Son necesarios estudios longitudinales que puedan evaluar a los pacientes en la evolución de la enfermedad y determinar las alteraciones en los parámetros hematológicos y velocidad de crecimiento.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is the most widespread chronic bacterial disease in the world and affects more than half of the world population, with a distribution linked to the degree of economic development of each country. In the pediatric age there is no specific clinical picture of this infection. In children, it can have diverse clinical outcomes that include not only digestive symptoms but extra-digestive manifestations such as iron deficiency anemia and growth retardation. The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, iron deficiency anemia and short stature has been confirmed in multiple studies, but the issue remains controversial. Due to the scarcity of studies on this association, particularly in Panamanian children, and the impact of its short and long term complications on such a vulnerable population, it is of extraordinary importance to carry out studies to improve our understanding of this topic. Material and Methods: It is a retrospective, analytical, unmatched case and control study involving a total of 158 patients (79 cases and 79 controls) from the Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, Panamá, between January 2014 to December 2016. Patient records were examined with autorization from the hospital's bioethics committee. General demographic data and the selected study variables were obtained from patients who underwent upper digestive tract endoscopy with gastric biopsy that met the inclusion criteria. The existence of a statistical association was evaluated with Fisher's exact test and odds ratio. Results: The average age of both groups was 9.75 + 2.75 with no statistical difference between the ages in the groups. Infection was more frequent in females (63%). Abdominal pain was the main indication for endoscopy. The frequency of anemia in the infected patients was 31%, higher than that reported in Latin American countries, but no association was found between anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection (p= 0.36), as there was no association with growth retardatin (p= 0.74). The socioeconomic level was lower in the sick patients (p= 0.01). The urease test showed 100% specificity. Conclusions: We did not find an association between anemia and short stature with Helicobacter pylori infection, but the frequency of anemia is high compared to other Latin American countries, and the socioeconomic level is an influential factor in the development of this infection. Longitudinal studies are needed that can evaluate patients in the evolution of the disease and determine the alterations in the hematological parameters and growth rate.

Caracterización y subtipos del síndrome de intestino irritable en niños de Panamá, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua y México / Irritable bowel syndrome subtypes and characteristics in children from Panama, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Mexico

Introducción: Pocos estudios pediátricos clasifican los subtipos del síndrome de intestino irritable (SII). Objetivo: Describir las características y subtipos del SII en niños de Panamá, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua y México. Material y métodos: Estudio de prevalencia realizado en niños entre los 8 y 18 años de edad con diagnóstico de SII. Los niños respondieron el Cuestionario para Síntomas Gastrointestinales Pediátricos Roma III para Escolares y Adolescentes (QPGS-III) para identificar desordenes gastrointestinales funcionales (DGFs). Se tuvieron en cuenta variables como edad y sexo. Los subtipos de SII se clasificaron en SII con estreñimiento (SII-e), con diarrea (SII-d), mixto (SII-m) y sin subtipo (SII-ss). El análisis estadístico incluyó medidas de tendencia central, t-student a dos colas, chi cuadrado, y prueba exacta de Fisher, siendo una p<0,05 significativa. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 79 niños (54,4% femeninos; 12,1±2,1 años) presentándose SII-ss en 55,7%, SII-e en 15,2%, SII-m en 15,2% y SII-d en13,9%. Predominó el dolor severo la mayor parte del día y con heces mucosas; siendo posibles asociaciones para SII-d el colegio y el sexo. Conclusión: Luego del SII-ss, los SII-e, SII-d y SII-m son similares, siendo los posibles factores de riesgo para SII-d, el colegio público y el género femenino

Introduction: Few pediatric studies classify the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subtypes. Objective: To describe the characteristics and subtypes of IBS in children from Panama, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Mexico. Material and methods: Prevalence study performed in children between 8 and 18 years of age with a diagnosis of IBS. The children answered the Questionnaire for Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms Roma III for Schoolchildren and Adolescents (QPGS-III) to identify functional gastrointestinal disorders. Variables such as age and sex were taken into account. The subtypes of IBS were classified in IBS with constipation (IBS-c), with diarrhea (IBS-d), mixed (IBS-m) and without subtype (IBS-ss). Statistical analysis included measures of central tendency, two-tailed student t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test, with a significant p<0.05. Results: We included 79 children (54.4% female, 12.1±2.1 years) presenting IBS-ss in 55.7%, IBS-c in 15.2%, IBS-m in 15.2% and SII-d in 13.9%. Severe pain predominated most of the day and with mucous stools; possible associations for IBS-d school and sex. Conclusion: After IBS-ss, the IBS-e, IBS-d and IBS-m are similar, being the possible risk factors for IBS-d, the public school and the female gender

Multicountry cross-sectional study found that functional gastrointestinal disorders such as colic and functional dyschezia were common in South American infants.

AIM: Our aim was to perform a population-based study using Rome III criteria to describe the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infants in three countries in South America. METHODS: We conducted a multicountry, cross-sectional study to investigate the epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children aged 0-12 months of age, using the Rome III criteria, in Colombia, Panama and Nicaragua. These patients presented for well-child visits in primary care clinics in the three countries between May 2015 and October 2016. A Spanish version of the Questionnaire on Paediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms for Infants and Toddlers was used for the data collection. RESULTS: We included questionnaires completed by 351 parents, and they reported at least one FGID in 141 (40%) infants. The majority were male (56%), with a median age of seven months. Colic and functional dyschezia were the most commonly diagnosed disorders in the whole cohort, at 23% and 15%, respectively. The risk of developing FGIDs was not affected by the marital status of the mother, number of siblings, birth order and history of diarrhoea. CONCLUSION: Functional gastrointestinal disorders were common in infants from the South American countries of Colombia, Panama and Nicaragua, particularly colic and functional dyschezia.

[Overlapping of functional gastrointestinal disorders in latinamerican schoolchildren and adolescents]. / Superposición de desórdenes gastrointestinales funcionales en escolares y adolescentes latinoamericanos.

INTRODUCTION: There are few studies on overlapping Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs). OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and possible risk factors in Latin American children (Latam) to present overlapping FGIDs. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prevalence study in Latam schoolchildren bet ween 8-18 years of age. Sociodemographic variables were included; the Rome III Criteria in Spanish were used, and overlapping FGIDs were considered when two, three or four and more FGIDs were presented in the same child. The statistical analysis included Student's T-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, univariate and multivariate analysis, and calculation of ORs and 95% CI, being considered a significant p < 0.05. RESULTS: 6,193 Latam children were analyzed (11.8 ± 2.2 years, 62.2% between 8-12 years of age, 50.4% girls, 68.0% public school), and 23.4% with a diagnosis of some kind of FGIDs. There was overlap of FGIDs in the same child, in 8.4% (5.5% with 2 FGIDs, 2.1% with 3 FGIDs and 0.9% with 4 or more FGIDs), the main overlaps were irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) + functional abdominal pain (FAP) (2.6%), and IBS + FAP + functional constipation (1.1%). There was predominance of the female gender. CONCLUSION: There is a low prevalence of overlapping FGIDs in Latam schoolchildren and adolescents, with a predominance in females and of very variable pre sentation.

The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a school-based study.

AIM: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common in children, but the epidemiology of FGIDs is incompletely understood. Our aim was to perform a population-based study using Rome III criteria to describe the prevalence of FGIDs in children in Panama. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of children attending three schools in Panama City, Panama. Children with organic medical diseases were excluded. Subjects provided demographic information and completed the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms - Rome III Spanish version. RESULTS: A total of 321 subjects (61.1% female, median age 10 years, range 8-14 years) completed our study. A total of 92 subjects (28.7%) met criteria for an FGID. Gender, age and school type did not differ significantly between subjects with and without FGIDs. The most common FGIDs included functional constipation (15.9%), irritable bowel syndrome (5.6%), and functional abdominal pain or functional abdominal pain syndrome (4.0%). Abdominal pain-related FGIDs were present in 12.1%. CONCLUSION: FGIDs are common in school-aged children in Panama. The prevalence of abdominal pain-related FGIDs in children in Panama is similar to that described in other parts of the world. Further population-based studies utilising Rome III criteria to measure FGID prevalence in children are needed to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of FGIDs.

High Prevalence of Nausea among School Children in Latin America.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of nausea and its association with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in a large-scale, population-based study of Latin American school children. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study collected data from children in 3 Latin American countries. A Spanish version of the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms-Rome III Version (QPGS-III) was administered to school children in Central and South America. Subjects were classified into FGIDs based on Rome criteria (QPGS-III). Students from 4 public and 4 private schools in the countries of El Salvador, Panama, and Ecuador participated in this epidemiologic study. RESULTS: A total of 1137 school children with mean age 11.5 (SD 1.9, range 8-15) years completed the QPGS-III (El Salvador n = 399; Panama n = 321; Ecuador n = 417). Nausea was present in 15.9% of all school children. Two hundred sixty-eight (24%) children met criteria for at least 1 FGID. Nausea was significantly more common in children with FGIDs compared with those without: El Salvador 38% vs 15% (P < .001); Panama 22% vs 7% (P < .001); Ecuador 25% vs 13% (P = .004). Among children with FGIDs, those with functional constipation had a high prevalence of nausea. Nausea was significantly more common in girls and children attending private schools. CONCLUSIONS: Nausea is commonly present in Latin American school children. FGIDs are frequently associated with nausea.

Symptomatic gastric inlet patches in children treated with argon plasma coagulation: a case series.

The pathologic potential of gastric inlet patches is now being recognized. A recent adult study has shown the effectiveness of argon plasma coagulation in ablating the patch and the associated symptoms. There are no reports of ablation in children. We report a case series of successful argon plasma coagulation of gastric inlet patches and their symptoms in 5 children.

Síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del recién nacido pretérmino / Repiratory Distree Syndrome in Pre-term Infants

Se estudiaron 87 niños con el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria del neonato o membrana hialina pulmonar hospitalizados en la División de Neonatología del Hospital del Niño durante el primer semestre del año 1989, de los cuales 46 (53 por ciento) fueron pretérminos AEG (prematuros) y 41 (47 por ciento) fueron pretérminos PEG (dismaduros). El objetivo del estudio fue observar los efectos del tratamiento instituido en la sala, en relación con algunas variables importantes para la supervivencia del neonato tales como la edad, el sexo, ventilación mécanica, gravedad por Rayos-X pulmonar y asfixia severa (Apgar 0-3). Además, se observó la presencia de complicaciones durante el tratamiento. Los resultados mostraron que los factores de mayor peso en la supervivencia y letalidad fueron la edad de gestación corta, 26-31 semanas, (RR= 2.0 y 2.4) y la ventilación mécanica (RR= 2.2 y 2.0) individualmente o asociados. Menos significativos fueron la gravedad de la enfermedad por Rayos-X pulmonar (RR= 1.7 y 1.4) y la asfixia severa (RR= 1.0 y 1.2). El sexo masculino tuvo menor riesgo que el femenino y la letalidad fue más alta en la mujer que en el hombre. La complicación más frecuente en el grupo fue la infección sistémica, seguida de la hemorragia intracraneana y el ductus arterioso permeable. El riesgo de infección fue alto (RR= 3.3) en los recién nacidos ventilados en comparación con los no ventilados. Creemos que otro factor contribuyente a la elevada tasa de letalidad del grupo fue la alta proporción de niños pretérminos PEG. Se concluye que la inmadurez del neonato (déficit de surfactante) fue el factor principal que influyó en las tasas de supervivencia y letalidad y la ventilación mécanica fue el factor interferente o de confusión más importante en los niños estudiados